Class 12 Biology Revision Notes
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Notes
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants — Notes The flower as a reproductive unit The flower is the seat of sexual reproduction in angiosperms. The androecium (stamens) is the mal…
Human Reproduction Notes
Human Reproduction — Notes Male reproductive system The testes produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone. Accessory ducts and glands (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesic…
Principles of Inheritance and Variation Notes
Principles of Inheritance and Variation — Notes Mendel's experiments Gregor Mendel worked on the garden pea and proposed the laws of inheritance using contrasting characters and s…
Molecular Basis of Inheritance Notes
Molecular Basis of Inheritance — Notes The genetic material DNA is the genetic material in most organisms (some viruses use RNA). The Griffith, Avery MacLeod McCarty and Hershey C…
Microbes in Human Welfare Notes
Microbes in Human Welfare — Notes Microbes in the household Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) curdle milk into curd ; microbes help in making bread, idli and dosa (fermentation). Microbe…
Biotechnology – Principles and Processes Notes
Biotechnology – Principles and Processes — Notes What is biotechnology The use of living organisms or their products for human benefit. Modern biotechnology relies on genetic engi…
Organisms and Populations Notes
Organisms and Populations — Notes Levels of ecology Ecology studies organisms in relation to their environment at the level of organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems and…
Ecosystem Notes
Ecosystem — Notes Structure and function An ecosystem is a functional unit of biotic (living) and abiotic (non living) components interacting through energy flow and nutrient cycl…
Biodiversity and Conservation Notes
Biodiversity and Conservation — Notes Levels of biodiversity Biodiversity is the variety of life at three levels: genetic diversity, species diversity and ecological (ecosystem) d…